 |
|
|
Reasearch Paper on MRSA |
|
Antimicrobial Activity Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Culture broth of Enterococcus faecalis TH 10,
An Isolate from Malaysian Fermentation food--Tempeh
Authors: Iichiroh Ohhira, Ph.D., Takashi Tamura, Ph.D., Nozomi Fujii, Ph.D.
Kenji Inagaki, Ph.D. and Hidehiko Tanaka, Ph.D.
Department of Biological Resources Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture Okayama University - Japan
Published in
Japanese Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences Volume 45, Number 4, 1996 Japanese Dairy Science Association
SUMMARY
Bioassay-directed screening for antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) led us to the culture broth of Enterococcus faecalis TH 10, which was isolated from a Malaysian fermentation food, Tempeh. The anti-MRSA component was readily extracted with ethyl acetate from the culture broth at pH 3, and the extract retained the activity when incubated overnight with various proteolytic enzymes. In addition, the extract showed poor antimicrobial activity against lactic acid bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis. These properties strongly suggest that the active compound is distinct from bacteriocin, an extracellularly released species closely related to the bacteriocin-producing strain. E. faecalis has been reported to produce bacteriocin that has strong hemolytic activity on mammalian erythrocytes, but the active component of the TH 10 strain did not mediate the lysis of rabbit and human erythrocytes.
Key words: Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriocin, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Lactic acid bacteria, a physiologically related group of gram-positive bacteria, produce a variety of compounds with antimicrobial activity, and they are termed bacteriocin. Bacteriocin is generally defined as extracellularly released peptide or protein that shows a bacteriocidal activity against species closely related to the bacteriocin-producing strain.1 It has now become evident, however, that many bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria show somewhat broader spectrum of activity, affecting also more distantly related species.2 In fact, bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria appears to interfere with the growth of the food-born pathogen Listeria monocytogenes during fermentation process.3-5 Researchers have long discussed the potential application of bacteriocins in prevention and even in treatment of infectious diseases.
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of hospital-associated (nosocomial) infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, and these strains are collectively termed methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The incidence of MRSA outbreak is particularly high in Japan where the cases are almost four-times that reported in Europe.6 Although the threat to patient care posed by such organisms has stimulated continuing efforts to search for potent anti-MRSA agents, there has been a growing concern that the pharmaceutical industry may no longer be able to develop novel antibiotics sufficiently quickly.
To exploit the potential of antimicrobial metabolite of lactic acid bacteria for the control and chemotherapy of MRSA, we carried out bioassay directly screening of microorganisms insolated from fermented foods and beverages. Several strains were found to produce antimicrobial activity in their culture broth, which inhibited the in vitro growth of MRSA on agar medium. Enterococcus faecalis TH 10, an isolate from a Malaysian fermentation food, Tempeh, was especially effective among the lactic acid bacteria isolated. More interestingly, the active component was readily extracted with ethyl acetate, and it retained the activity when treated with proteolytic enzymes. To see whether the anti-MRSA compound falls on the category of bacteriocin, we investigated various properties of the product of E. faecalis TH 10 strain: proteolytic treatment using various proteases and antimicrobial activity against closely related lactic acid bacteria. Hemolytic activity was also assayed for the comparison with previously reported bacteriocin/hemolysin produced by E. faecalis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(1) Materials. Reagents were purchased from the following suppliers: proteinase K, V8 protease, achromopeptidase were from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. and trypsin was from Sigma Chemical Company. Other chemicals used were analytical grade reagents. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus type-II strain was used in this study.
(2) Culture of Enterococcus faecalis TH 10. A stock culture of E. faecalis TH 10 was inoculated on 10 ml of the seed medium containing 1.5% polypepton, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.25% NaCl, 1.0% glucose, 0.05% sodium thioglycolate, 0.025 % L-cystine, 0.01% sodium sulfite, 0.01% sodium carbonate (pH 6.6 before sterilization). After incubation at 37?C for 24 hr., the broth was transferred to one liter of the same medium, and cultivation was carried out at 37?C for 8 days.
(3) Extraction of Active Component. The fermentation broth was centrifuged at 4000 xg for 20 min at 4?C to remove cells, and the supernatant solution was extracted with ethyl acetate at pH 3.0. The solvent layer was dried over anhydrous NA2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 2 ml of 2 N NaOH solution, neutralized to pH 7, and the 60 ? 1 portion was loaded on a paper disk. After the paper disk was dried, bioassay was performed by placing the disk on an agar plate and seeded with suspension of test organism. After incubation at 30?C for 24 h, a zone of growth inhibition around the disk was presumed to indicate the presence of active compound.
(4) Proteolysis Treatment. The ethyl acetate extract (10 mg in dry weight) was treated overnight at 37?C with 0.1 mg of proteinase K, V8 protease, trypsin, and achromopeptidase, respectively in 100 ? L of 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, loaded on paper disks and dried for the bioassay. The amount of the proteolytic enzymes used corresponds to 2.2 units for proteinase K, 1, 100 units for trypsin, 2.2 units for V8 protease, and 100 units for achromopeptidase.
(5) Hemolysis Assay. Hemolysis assay was performed with rabbit and human erythrocytes as described for hemolysin/bacteriocin of E. faecalis.7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(1) Properties of anti-MRSA component in the culture broth of E. faecalis TH 10. Enterococcus faecalis TH 10, an isolate from a Malaysian fermentation food Tempeh, was especially effective among the lactic acid bacteria tested. The active component was readily extracted with ethyl acetate from the culture broth of the TH 10 strain at pH 3. The extract showed potent growth inhibition against MRSA, and a moderate activity against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (Table). Since the extract contains various compounds in it, the result does not prove that an identical substance inhibited MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. It is rather more important to show inhibitory activity against the lactic acid bacteria tested except for two species, Streptococcus salivarius and Pediococcus acidilactici. Enterococcus species were not inhibited by the extract, either. This antimicrobial spectrum indicates that the anti-MRSA component appears to be distinct from bacteriocin molecules that are usually inhibitory against closely related lactic acid bacteria.
Proteolytic enzymes are frequently used for conventional diagnosis for bacteriocin production; proteolytic enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of protein or peptide-like components, and cause dramatic decrease in the bacteriocidal activity. We found that the ethyl acetate extract retained the anti-MRSA activity after the treatment with V8 protease, proteinase K, trypsin, and achromopeptidase. These proteolytic enzymes alone do not affect the growth of MRSA. The results suggest that the active component is not a peptide or a protein, but it rather appears to be an acidic low molecular weight substance, which is extracted with ethyl acetate at pH 3.
Thus, the active component produced in the culture broth of E. faecalis TH 10 strain appears to differ from bacteriocins, a protein or peptide-line antimicrobial metabolite with potent activity against species closely related to the bacteriocin-producing strain.
(2) Hemolysis Assay. In previous papers, E. faecalis has been isolated from natural food samples such as traditional French cheese8, mozzarella cheese whey 9, and foods in a retail supermarket10. The species has also been recognized as human pathogens with multiple antibiotic-resistance and high-level aminoglycoside resistant11 ? 13. These clinical isolates of E. faecalis are reported to produce bacteriocin that mediates the lysis of a broad range of gram-positive bacteria14 ? 16 and the molecule also acts as a hemolysin that effectively lyses human, rabbit and horse erythrocytes7. The anti-MRSA component of the TH 10 strain, however, failed to mediate the lysis of human and rabbit erythrocytes, indicating that the anti-MRSA compound is distinct from ever-reported bacteriocins produced by E. faecalis.
Table Inhibitory Spectrum of Ethyl Acetate Extract of the Culture of E. faecalis TH 10
TEST ORGANISM DOSAGE (MG)a
0 10 5
MRSA + + -
Methicillin-sensitive Stapylococcus aureus + -
Enterococcus faecalis RIMD 3116001 - -
Enterococcus faecium - -
Streptococcus salivarius + -
Pediococcus acidilactici + - Pediococcus pentasaceus - -
Lactococcus lactis subsp. mesenteroides OR-1 - - ( Table Continued)
Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Dextranicum 7-1-9 - -
Lactobacillus plantarum - -
Lactobacillus delbrueckii - -
aDry weight of the ethyl acetate extract loaded on paper disk. +, Growth inhibition of test organism around paper disk; -, no inhibition.
Our present study shows that E. faecalis produces a potent anti-microbial product against MRSA, whose identity appears to be a low molecular weight substance. Racemic lactate did not show antimicrobial activity against MRSA even when 30 mg of the sodium salt was loaded on the paper disk, so the commonly distributed metabolite of lactic acid bacteria can be ruled out as the candidate for the active substance. Further study is in progress to purify and characterize the active substance using silica gel column, activated charcoal, and anion-exchange resin, and the results will be reported soon. In the current situation where the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents is becoming increasingly difficult, the present study suggests that food-born lactic acid bacteria may offer some potential applicability in chemotherapy and control of MRSA.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported by a grant from Bioactive Research Institute. The authors are grateful to Dr. Taku Miyamoto, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, for providing us various lactic acid bacteria as test organisms.
References
1 R.W. Jack, J.R. Tagg, and B. Ray: Microbial Reviews, 59, 171-200 (1995).
2 T.R. Klaenhammer: FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 12, 39 ? 86 (1993).
3 J.W. Nielsen, J.S. Dickson, and J.D. Crouse: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 2142 ? 2145 (1990).
4U. Schillinger, M. Kaya, and F.K. L?cke: J. Appl. Bacteriol., 70, 473 ? 478 (1991).
5 K. Winkowski, A.D. Crandall, and T.J. Montville: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 2552 ? 2557 (1993).
6 S. Mehtar: J. Chemother., 6, 25 ? 40 (1995).
7 Y. Ike, H. Hashimoto, and D.B. Clewell: J. Clin. Microbiol., 25, 1524 ? 1528 (1987).
8 E.T. Ryser, S. Maisnier-Patin, J.J. Gratadoux, and J. Richard: Int. J. Food Microbiol., 21, 237 ? 246 (1994).
9 F. Villani, G. Salzano, E. Sorrentino, O. Pepe, P. Marino, and S. Coppola: J. Appl. Bacteriol., 74, 380 ? 387 (1993).
10 K.I. Garver and P.M. Muriana: Int. J. Food Microbiol., 19, 241 - 248 (1993).
11 S.A. Hoffman and R.C. Moellering, Jr.: Ann. Intern. Med., 106, 757 ? 761 (1987).
12 B.E. Murray: Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 3, 46 ? 65 (1990).
13 D.F. Sahm, S. Boonlayangoor, and J.E. Schulz: J. Clin. Microbial., 29, 2595 ? 2598 (1991).
14 S.F. Basinger and R.W. Jackson: J. Bacteriol., 96, 1895 ? 1902 (1968).
15T.D. Brock and J.M. Davie: J. Bacteriol., 86, 708 ? 712 (1963).
16 D.B. Clewell: Microbiol. Rev., 45, 409 ? 436 (1981). |
|
|
|
|
|
